Medications for addiction, explained
For opioid and alcohol use disorders, FDA-approved medications are among the most effective tools we have. Used with counseling, this is often called MAT (medication-assisted treatment), or more precisely MOUD (medications for opioid use disorder) and MAUD (medications for alcohol use disorder).
For opioid use disorder (MOUD)
Buprenorphine
A partial opioid that eases cravings and withdrawal without the same high, with a built-in ceiling that lowers overdose risk. Often combined with naloxone (e.g. Suboxone). Can be prescribed in regular offices.
Methadone
A long-acting full opioid that, taken as prescribed, stabilizes brain chemistry, stops withdrawal, and blocks the high. Dispensed through licensed opioid treatment programs (OTPs). Decades of evidence.
Naltrexone (Vivitrol)
Blocks opioid effects and reduces alcohol cravings. A monthly injectable form exists. The person must be fully off opioids first to avoid precipitated withdrawal.
For alcohol use disorder (MAUD)
Naltrexone
Reduces the reward and craving for alcohol; can be taken daily as a pill or monthly as an injection.
Acamprosate
Helps stabilize brain chemistry after someone stops drinking, easing the lingering restlessness and craving in early abstinence.
Disulfiram
Causes an unpleasant reaction if alcohol is consumed, acting as a deterrent. Used in specific, motivated situations under supervision.
A note on detox medications
During medically supervised withdrawal, other medications may be used short-term to keep a person safe and comfortable — for example, benzodiazepines on a tapering schedule for alcohol withdrawal to prevent seizures. Because that withdrawal can be life-threatening, it should be done under medical supervision — not alone at home. If a seizure, severe confusion, or trouble breathing occurs, call 911.
How to think about all this
You don't need to memorize the list — you need to know these options exist and are legitimate, so you can ask about them. A reasonable question for any program is: "Do you offer medication for this, and if not, why?" A program that dismisses FDA-approved medication out of hand is out of step with the evidence.